Saturday, December 28, 2019

Addiction Is An Individual Problem Or A Family Problem

Intro When a person has an addiction, does it only affect them? One theory believes it not only affects the addict but the family of the addict. How do the families of addicts behave? Are there any definitive characteristics that families of addicts display? The addictive family is real, well look at the characteristic of this type of family; explore how it allows the addict to continue their destructive behavior all in an attempt to maintain homeostasis. When Normal is dysfunctional Even systems theory has disagreed on whether â€Å"addiction is an individual problem or a family problem† (Stevens Smith, pg. 240). The author stated â€Å"is the addiction secondary to the dysfunction in the family or is it the primary cause of the dysfunction† (Stevens Smith, pg. 240)? It’s an interesting question and one that may be â€Å"skewed by the viewpoint of the clinician† (Stevens Smith, pg. 240). However, what a clinician must keep focused on is the â€Å"biopsychosociofamilial† aspect of the causes of the addiction (Stevens Smith, pg. 240). All aspects of a person’s life must be explored as possible causal effects of the addiction or the clinician may miss out on a crucial piece of the puzzle that has created the addiction and is allowing it to continue. Systems Concept The definition of a system is a â€Å"regularly interacting or interdependent group of items forming a unified whole and/or a group of interacting bodies under the influence of related forces† (Comer, pg. 58). The book givesShow MoreRelatedDrug Addiction Problem1399 Words   |  6 PagesSolving the Problem of Drug Addiction 1.Drug abuse and addiction continues to be a global issue. According to the â€Å"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime† (UNODC), about 5% of the global population used an illicit drug in 2010 alone, and about 27 million or 0.6 percent of the adult population of the world can be categorized as drug abusers. A7 2.This paper explores some of the measures that can be taken to resolve the drug addiction problem in the world. 3.Addressing various risk and protectiveRead MoreThe Effects Of Drug Addiction On Children1506 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction When an individual is struggling with drug addiction problems, the family is affected physically, mentally, and emotionally. The disease not only changes the addict’s whole life, but it changes the lives of their family members as parents get torn apart from themselves and each other. The role of each family member begins to shape around what is in the best interest of the addict. This research paper is an overview of the effects that raising a drug addicted child has on parent’sRead MoreAddiction As A Dependence On Substance Or Behavior Essay1094 Words   |  5 Pages What exactly is an addiction? It is common to hear an individual say they are addicted to something without fully knowing or understanding the definition of addiction. Addiction can be described as a dependence on a substance or behavior which affects the physical, psychological and emotional wellbeing in an individual (What is addiction?, n/a). The trouble with everyday addictions such as: cell phones, drugs, and gambling, affect people’s everyday life and lives of their loved ones dramaticallyRead MoreDrug addiction People are trapped in drug addiction due to various reasons. Some will try to take700 Words   |  3 PagesDrug addiction People are trapped in drug addiction due to various reasons. Some will try to take drugs because of curiosity. Some have many people and friends take drugs, and some want to have the experience. Athletes take drugs with the aim of improving their performance as well as to reduce certain problems. i.e. depression, stress, or anxiety. The use of drugs does not lead to drug addiction automatically. It is not possible to measure the level at which the use of drugs may be regarded as casualRead MoreDrug Addiction : A Serious Illness1276 Words   |  6 PagesDrug addiction is a serious illness that can ultimately lead to the breakdown of families, long term psychological issues, and challenges that last a lifetime. People experiment with drugs for various reasons, whether it be for fun or to escape an unpleasant feeling. Some may try drugs the first time out of sheer curiosity, to fit in with friends who are using, or to enhance their performance at some activity. Others may try drugs to help them cope with difficulties in life. Drug addiction is notRead MoreAddiction : An Effective Intervention And Counseling Plan Essay1222 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract Addiction is a tricky word with varying definitions depending on who is defining it. Although the definitions may differ, it does not take away from the seriousness of the illness. The seriousness of addiction requires an intricate intervention and counseling plan. It does not target one specific population. All populations maybe affected by addiction in some way which is why it is important for the counseling plan to be diverse in nature and targeted directly toward the individual and notRead MoreHyper Sexual Addiction Is A Disorder Essay1731 Words   |  7 PagesHyper Sexual addiction is a disorder that can be defined as a person having a habitually elevated sex drive, fantasies, and urges. Nevertheless, compared to other sexual addictions, this could be known as one of the most riskiest and dangerous addiction. Hyper Sexual Addiction has become more prevalent because of the infidelities amongst some celebrities and political figures. Sexual addiction has always existed, bu t because of technology and social media, people have become aware of it. PeopleRead MorePrescription Drug Abuse1298 Words   |  5 Pagesfueling an addiction that impacts as many as 48 million Americans (Prescription Drug Abuse WebMD). According to MedLinePlus, an estimated 20 percent of people in the United States have used prescription drugs for nonmedical reasons. This is prescription drug abuse. While a considerable amount of time, resources, and attention are focused on the problems associated with illicit drugs, prescription drug abuse is an increasing problem, with very serious consequences for individuals, families, and communitiesRead MoreDrug Addiction And Its Effects On Society Essay1596 Words   |  7 Pages Addiction is a condition that results when a person takes in a substance that can make you feel great for a certain amount of time, but when the continued use/act of which becomes compulsive and interferes with ordinary life. How do you know when you are addicted to something? Is it a choice or just an effect? What most people do not understand, is that no one really chooses to be an addict. Being addicted to something such as drugs, alcohol, food, etc., is not due to someone waking up one day andRead MoreDrug Addiction : Today s Society945 Words   |  4 PagesDrug addiction is one major problem in today’s society. Really, every country faces such issues today. A ton of measures are taken to battle against medication misuse, and, certainly, a few improvements are obvious. Nonetheless, this issue is not dispensed with and, maybe, will never be. Today, Americans are losing their employments, families, and even their lives over the misuse. There are a considerable measure of le gal drugs that Americans are dependent on, yet there are additionally a great deal

Friday, December 20, 2019

Analysis Of The Poem America By Claude Mckay - 1399 Words

In the poem â€Å"America† penned by Claude McKay in 1921, the speaker explains that even though America seems to be sucking the life out of him, and hates him, he still loves the country as it plunges itself towards certain death. The 1920’s were a very exciting time but also full of struggles. The recent invention of the automobile and subsequent lack of paved roads are a good example of an excitement and struggle, these struggles and excitements could help us determine the meaning of McKay’s interpretation of America. He sites many examples and gives his thoughts about American society, like how it treats its citizens, how it acts, and its dismal future. So, what does this poem mean when you discuss the life of an average 1920’s American? McKay pointedly discusses and examines the radian inequality experienced by some American citizens during the twenties. Throughout the poem, McKay teeters back and forth between his intense positive and negative feelings of both America and the American way of life during this period, for example, his unexplainable love for the country versus the people’s racism which he personally encounters like when he says â€Å"l will confess/I love this cultured hell that tests my youth†(America,3,4). This was a very exciting time for many Americans as the roaring twenties were coming into full swing and society was celebrating the decade of carefree decadence, but there was a seedy dark side to America as well. For example, blacks in the South, where McKayShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Poem America By Claude Mckay1223 Words   |  5 PagesThe seeds of racial tension in America have been consistently propagated throughout our nation’s contentious history. In the South w here human chattel was seen as daily business, the southern plantation owner was able to psychologically reconcile the slaves’ place as nothing more than an instrument. Following the controversial demise of these more harrowing times of racial intolerance, an equally formidable successor had rapidly risen to prominence: segregation. Black people had once again foundRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem America By Claude Mckay Essay1893 Words   |  8 Pages In â€Å"America†, Claude McKay expresses the struggles that African American people have faced at the hands of the country that they call their home, but also the strength they find in it as well. The poem explores the dual persona that African Americans experienced during the first half of the 1900s, and the conflict that arose because of it. Claude McKay s political beliefs and how he experienced life in America are expressed throughout the poem. The speaker of the poem addresses both the love andRead MoreRichard Wri ghts Assessment for the Negro Writers Essay1373 Words   |  6 Pagesassessment that literature was so concentrated on pandering to white readers thereby neglecting the needs of the â€Å"Negro masses.† In the following paragraphs, two literary works are examined namely Langston Hughes â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers,† and Claude McKay’s â€Å"If We Must Die.† In these literary works, it is evident that indeed the Negro writers were so engrossed with the idea of racial discrimination instead of suggesting positive actions that would help uplift the Black American’s condition. Read MoreAmerica Can Suck, But It Makes Us Stronger - Claude Mckay s America Essay1808 Words   |  8 PagesAmerica Can Suck, But It Makes Us Stronger – Claude McKay s â€Å"America† In â€Å"America† Claude McKay expresses the struggles that African American people have faced at the hands of the country that they call their home. The poem explores the dual persona that African American s experienced during the time and the conflict that arose because of it. Claude McKay s political beliefs and how he experienced life in America are expressed throughout the poem. The speaker of the poem addresses both theRead More Tintern Abbey: Summary Essay1767 Words   |  8 PagesTintern Abbey: Summary William Wordsworth reflects on his return to the River Wye in his poem â€Å"Lines: Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey on Revisiting the Banks of the Wye During a Tour†. Having visited Wye five years prior, he is familiar with how enchanting the place is. He describes the natural wonders of the Wye, which travels past Tintern Abbey, a medieval abbey in the village of Tintern, which is in Monmouthshire, Wales. This Cistercian Abbey was founded by Walter de Clare, Lord ofRead MoreHarlem And The Middle Of The 1930s1791 Words   |  8 Pagescome from the South, fleeing its oppressive caste system in order to find a place where they could freely express their talents; this became known as The Great Migration. Among those artists whose works achieved recognition were Langston Hughes, Claude McKay, Countee Cullen, Arna Bontemps, Zora Neale Hurston, and Jean Toomer. The Renaissance involved racial pride, fueled in part by the violence of the New Negro demanding civil and pol itical rights. The Renaissance incorporated jazz and the bluesRead MoreAnalysis Of Still I Rise By Maya Angelou993 Words   |  4 PagesMy Black is Brave, My Black is Strong Strength. Strength can be seen in the readings that we have encountered this semester. Blacks have been through a lot ever since coming to this country called â€Å"America.† From being beaten, oppressed, and even worst, killed. Whites have always felt that Blacks had to be controlled because they were â€Å"property† but obtaining the obedience from Blacks was not a simple task. So in order to get the control of the people in the Black community, Whites thought thatRead MoreA Comparison Between The Flower Of Love And Jasmines Poems Essay1979 Words   |  8 Pages1889 in Jamaica to peasant farmers, Claude McKay was educated by his brother, older in age, who possessed a library of novels, scientific texts, and poetry all written in English. The brother, Uriah Theophilus had a neighbor Walter Jekyll who observed the passion of Claude McKay had when mimicking English poets and encourage him to start writing verses in Jamaican dialect. Having trained as army personnel in Kansas for the Kingston Police department, Claude McKay had the exposure and opportunity toRead MoreBrief Summary of the Harlem Renaissance.1863 Words   |  8 Pagesthe North to take advantage of the employment opportunities created by World War I. As more and more educated and socially conscious blacks settled in New Yorks neighborhood of Harlem, it developed into the political and cultural center of black America. Equally important, during the 1910s a new political agenda advocating racial equality arose in the African American community, particularly in its growing middle class. Championing the agenda were black historian and sociologist W. E. B. Du BoisRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance By African Americans1955 Words   |  8 PagesRenaissance marked the first time in which white America began to develop an interest in the African American race and heritage. The movement was declared as the most crucial factors towards the attainment of the American Dream by African Americans. A spects of African American heritage were portrayed mainly throughout the visual arts, such as: art, theater, music, and literature. One of the most influential arts throughout the movement was poetry. Poems written throughout the Harlem Renaissance influenced

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Organizational Behavior and Team Management for Performance

Question: Discuss about theOrganizational Behavior and Team Management for Performance. Answer: Team Building Plan Team building has been considered as the approach which should be adopted by the business entity so as to enhance the performance and productivity level of the teams within the organization. Team building is the process of bringing improvements and advancements in the skills and capabilities of the team mates so as to provide the firm with the best outcomes (Dyer and Dyer, 2013). The team building exercises proves beneficial for the team mates by providing them with improved communication skills, increase in morale and motivation which will in-turn bring an increase in the dedication level. Team building practices can be adopted by any business, whether it is large or small and this is done for promoting better teamwork in the organization and as most of the business owners and superiors know that great teamwork has been considered as one of the key factors which are associated with the companys growth and success. The below is the team building plan has been developed for JJ furnish ing Ltd which is a furniture manufacturer company. JJ furnishing Ltd should make implementation of the practices which are related to the team building. A clear provision should be made regarding all team building games and practices and also the instructions should be clear and complete. This is essential for keeping control and credibility (Miller, 2015). The following are the strategies which have been adopted effectively within the business organization which will be implemented for the team members for working together in the project so as to attain each of the goals. Leadership: The leaders are the guides who develop framework and outline for the projects and provide directions to the followers so as to make them attain their goals and targets. The team leaders should be motivating which will give a push to the team members for bring an increase in the interest towards the task (Goetsch and Davis, 2014). This will enhance the performance level and will also bring an increase in the productivity which will enable the entity to accomplish the goals which has been described in the report. Communication plan: Communication is one of the integral factors which aids in developing a sense of mutual understanding and also brings clarity in the task which has been allotted to the team. The communication plan is an approach which will aid in developing an exchange of relevant data and information which has been considered as very much significant for completion of the project which has been assigned to the team. This approach will enable the team to have a clear understanding in terms of personal and professional aspects which will bring a hike in the performance level and productivity of the team and as well as organization. Motivation: Motivation plays a significant role in enhancing the interest and dedication level of the team members (Howard, Turban and Hurley, 2016). The motivation can be in terms of monetary and non-monetary. For instance, the leaders can offer rewards, offer appraisals, and incentives on the basis of the performance of the team mates. This will provide a boost to the level of dedication towards the task allotted and will surely aid JJ furnishing in the attainment of the pre-determined goals. References Dyer, W.G. and Dyer, J.H., 2013.Team building: Proven strategies for improving team performance. John Wiley Sons. Miller, B.C., 2015.Quick team-building activities for busy managers: 50 exercises that get results in just 15 minutes. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014.Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Howard, L.W., Turban, D.B. and Hurley, S.K., 2016. Cooperating teams and competing reward strategies: Incentives for team performance and firm productivity.Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management,3(3).

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Strategy and Business Model Innovation Process

Question: Discuss about the Strategy and Business Model Innovation Process. Answer: Introduction: The concept of strategy is quite old and originated from the conduct of the generals in wars in the olden days. Despite being so old in origin, the underling objectives and intention is often undefined and hence leads to confusion. The aim of strategy is primarily to answer the major business questions. Firstly, it is essential that the available resources and value proposition must be taken into consideration for defining competition sphere. Secondly, the unique value proposition intended to be delivered to the targeted customer needs to be identified. Thirdly, the various available resources and capabilities that would allow the value proposition to be delivered also need inclusion. Fourthly, strategy also would encompass the way forward in which competitive advantage could be sustained. Further, in wake of the decreasing product life cycles, it is required that innovation and adaptation must be incorporated as an incremental element in strategy (Kryscynski. 2015). The addition of this new element has also found support from renowned management guru Micheal Porter who is of the opinion that innovation and adapting to the rapidly changing business environment is essential for ensuring the sustainability of competitive advantage. It is noteworthy that timing is also a key element which contributed to the success of a carefully crafted sound strategy (Porter, 1996). An organisation which has encapsulated all the above mentioned principles into corporate strategy in a successful manner is Amazon. Amazon relies on offering the best deals and bargains and that too from the convenience of the customer (Baer, 2014). In order to innovate and provide a better consumer experience, the online platform is constantly updated with improvements being made to enhance the overall user friendliness. Besides, the company also ensures that the products available are of certified quality on a sustained basis. To complement the whole buying experience lies an efficient backend logistics system to enable time bound delivery to customers in a hassle free manner. As a result, the young generations are particularly attracted towards Amazon as it offers value to them by offering quality goods at competitive prices that too at their convenient time and location. Also, the fact that the company made early inroads in the process and has been financially successful implies that it can ward off any competition by leveraging the deep financial pockets. Considering the shortened product cycles, the company also frequently entertains new product launches and exclusive tie-ups with vendors so as to ensure a wide product range. Also, the company keeps on taking rich initiatives to continually expand the market of online shoppers (Higginbotham, 2015). References Baer, D. (2014). 5 Brilliant Strategies Jeff Bezos Used To Build The Amazon Empire, Business Insider, [Online] Available at https://www.businessinsider.in/5-Brilliant-Strategies-Jeff-Bezos-Used-To-Build-The-Amazon-Empire/articleshow/32214097.cms (Accessed December 16, 2016) Higginbotham, S. (2015), Amazons Internet-of-things strategy takes shape, Fortune Website, [Online] Available at https://fortune.com/2015/03/31/amazons-internet-of-things-strategy-takes-shape/ (Accessed December 16, 2016) Kryscynski. D (2015), What is Strategy?, YouTube, [Online] Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TD7WSLeQtVw (Accessed December 16, 2016) Porter, M. (1996), What is Strategy, Harvard Business Review, [Online] Available at https://hbr.org/1996/11/what-is-strategy (Accessed December 16, 2016)

Thursday, November 28, 2019

Useful Tips On How to Write a Research Paper

How to Write a Research Paper Research papers are the bread and butter of the academia. From them new ideas spring forth, offering breakthroughs and innovations that could help shape the world for the better. . . or not. Even if youre not an academic or a professional researcher, there will be times when research papers will be expected of you. This may be in a school (especially when youre a student) or a work setting, where you will be required to put into formalized writing your thoughts, analysis, arguments, and perspectives about a particular subject. There is no universal template or guideline for writing research papers. A professor might limit you to a certain number of pages and words or give you a certain format to follow, but in some cases, you might be given free rein on how you will present your research. The whole writing process can be a bit daunting, but fear not, even those who write papers for a living still have problems on how to go about the research paper writing process. Here are some of th e things that you need to know about before starting: 1. Be Extremely Specific With Your Topic Take on such a wide-ranging subject as The Importance of Human Ecology and theres bound to be someone out there who had already written about the subject before you. Your research paper should add something new to the field- it should not be a collection of other peoples perspectives and arguments. What specific aspect of human ecology do you want to focus on? Instead of The Importance of Human Ecology you might want to narrow it down to Human Ecology in the Victorian Era or any other timeframe or location that you can think of. The more specific it is, the better. 2. Start With Your Thesis Your thesis should be something that can be summarized in just one sentence alone. This is your belief, your point, that you will try to prove (using academic and scientific sources) in your research paper. It will also act as a guideline for your writing. When in doubt about a particular sentence, you could ask yourself- Does this support the point that Im making? Will this sentence prop up my thesis and make it clearer? If it doesnt and is merely fluff (as what usually happens with students trying to meet word counts), then cut it out. 3. Make Sure That Your Sources Are Legit Your sources should not come from tabloids and random blog posts on the Internet. Even if you do cite online sources, make sure that these came from online  reference  databases (eLibrary, ProQuest, etcetera), government publications, trusted magazines and newspapers, and academic websites. Stuck on your research paper? Our professional writers can help you. Ask us write my research paper for me and  get a brilliant paper on time. 4. Be Objective A research paper is not an opinion piece. To get your point across, you need to be as impartial as you could possibly be. Here are some tips to avoid bias in your writing: Always use credible sources. Random blog posts is a no-no. Scholarly journals and articles are often youre best bet, and websites with domains like .edu, .gov, and .org. Evaluation is the key here. READ your sources before you include them in your research. Cut out first- and second-person pronouns. It is understood that the research paper is written by you and everything that is not cited or attributed to another source is yours and yours alone. Theres no need to mention I or me or mine in there. Second-person pronouns (i.e. you) are too informal and have no place in a formal and academic research paper. Explore every side of the argument. A research paper should be balanced. If there exist thoughts and arguments that are counter to your own, put them in, explain them thoroughly and refute them using supporting evidence. This is where your logic skills come into play. You need to make the reader understand why your point is more logical and stronger than others.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Volunteer Opportunities for Online High School Students

Volunteer Opportunities for Online High School Students Many online high schools require that students complete volunteer hours in order to be eligible for a high school diploma. But, finding a local volunteer opportunity can be difficult if your school does not have a counseling office. Fortunately, volunteer websites can help. If you need to find a volunteer opportunity in your area, try one of these sites. Common Volunteer Opportunities Volunteer Match – This growing database lists thousands of volunteer opportunities searchable by area code. Many listings specify whether or not a particular opportunity is suitable for teen volunteers. You can also search for virtual volunteer opportunities (such as writing web content or putting together newsletters) that can be done in your own home.Charity Guide – Use this site to find hundreds of flexible volunteerism projects that can be done at your own pace. Create a baby supply kit, plant a green roof, or host a bluebird house. You can find projects to rescue animals, help children, protect the environment, and promote safety. Some volunteer activities can be done in as few as fifteen minutes. (Full disclosure: I am also a writer for this non-profit website).The Red Cross – Almost everyone lives near a Red Cross center. Find a local Red Cross and ask what you can do to help. Volunteers prepare for disasters, staff offices, work in homeless shelters, and perform many other services that are valuable to the community. Does It Meet Your Requirements? Before deciding on any service project, check with your school to make sure the opportunity meets all requirements. Some online schools will allow you  to do individual volunteer projects on your own as long as a parent logs your volunteer hours. Other schools require that you work with a specific organization and send in a letter from a supervisor. If you choose a project that suits you, volunteering can be a rewarding experience. Not only will you finish your required hours, you will also get the sense of accomplishment that comes from knowing youve made a real difference in the world.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Potential impact of biotechnology on modern society Essay

Potential impact of biotechnology on modern society - Essay Example yeast cells have been genetically manipulated to produce vaccine against hepatitis B virus. myeloma cells and b-cells of immunized mice were hybridized to produce hybrid cells that consisted the characteristics of both the cells which were cell division and antibody production. following are the areas where biotechnology has done best.The maximum benefits to biotechnology have been utilized by health care. Biotechnology derived proteins and polypeptides from the new class of potential drugs. for ex insulin was primarily extracted from slaughter animals. since 1982 human insulin have been produced by micro organism in fermenters.some of the important products that have been produced are interferon for cancer and viral infection, human urokinase for plasminogen activator used in vascular disorder, insulin for treatment of diabetes, human factor for clotting for hemophilia, lymph lines for auto immune functioning, serum albumin in surgery, attenuated pseudo rabies virus antigen for vacc ine against rabies, tissue plasminogen activator in treatment of heart attack. Currently there are about 35 biotechnology derived therapeutics and vaccines approved by the USFDA alone for medical use, and more than 500 drugs and vaccines to reach in market . Agriculture:-biotechnology is making new ground in the food agriculture area. current public debate about BSTC, bovine somatotropin (a hormone administered to cows to increase the milk production).is an example of biotechnology product testing public acceptance. Food biotechnology valuable and viable alternatives to food problems, and a solution to nutritionally influenced disease such as diabetes, hypertension , cancer, heart diseases, arthritis etc.a transgenic golden rice have been produced by introducing three genes for the production of vitamin A in Taipei rice. A transgenic cotton named 'Inguard' was released in Australia which contain bt genes which provided resistance against insects. molecular farming is a new concept were therapeutic drugs are produced in farm animals for example therapeutics proteins secreted in goat milk. there are about dozen of countries that produce lactoferrin., tPA, hemoglobin, melanin, and interleukins in cows, goat and pigs. however it is not surprising that vegetables producing vaccines insulin interferon's and growth hormones would be available in market in 21st century, beside, human clones and several other miracles. Human genome project (HGP):- The major landmark in human history is the human genome sequence. the HGP is an international research development. almost the whole human genome has been sequenced and chromosome map has been developed in various labs World wide. objectives of human genome project are to :-construct the detail genetic and physical map of human genome, 1. determine the complete nucleotide sequence of human DNA, 2. store information in database, 3. locate the estimated 50,000-100,000 genes within the human genome 4. address the ethical, social, legal issues (ELSI )that may arise from the project, 5.perform similar analysis on the genomes of several other organisms. Environment:-the natural biodegrability of pollutants present in environment has increased with the use of biotechnology. the bioremediation

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Were the Anti-Federalists correct Was the 1787 Constitution a betrayal Essay

Were the Anti-Federalists correct Was the 1787 Constitution a betrayal of the American Revolution - Essay Example According to the events that led to the formation of the new constitution, it is only right to note that the new Constitution was a step forward in strengthening the revolution. The main aim of the revolution was to achieve independence from the British, but it did not mean that United States of America could not form its own government or manage itself. The new constitution is a representation of the strength of the revolution, by recognising its weaknesses and strengthening them to form a national government, and not a betrayal to what the people of the United States fought against. This essay will describe how the new constitution was a means to strengthening the American Revolution. 1780s is referred to as the critical period. It is during this period that American Revolution faced intense challenges. America already had a Constitution (the Articles of Confederation) which helped the government win the revolutionary war, establish a territorial governance system in the Northwest Territories, resolve conflicting state land claims, and negotiate the 1783 treaty of Paris.[This is a brief description of the benefits of the previous constitution. what was this?] Under this Constitution however, the confederation Congress was unable to protect the nation’s commerce, could not pay the interest owed on national debt, and had no power to fight economic depression. America, after achieving its independence, was in chaos. It had a national debt which it was unable to pay because of lack of congressional powers to raise the money. Congress could ask states to contribute revenue, but could not force them to do so. America needed a sure way of getting revenue to pay i ts debts and govern the nation well. It experienced inflation which was as a result of a move to clear the national debt. Instead of collecting revenue through taxation, state and national governments printed money. Taxing the people was not an option at the time. This is

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Organ black market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Organ black market - Essay Example People have to stay on waiting lists for years before they may ultimately get an organ that can replace their organ which does not function normally. During this period, patients even end up losing their lives as a result of organ failure. Transplantation of organs is very essential for certain individuals, selling organs on the black market is unethical as the act is against the foundations of organ donation, increases the expenditure of the donor and increases cost for the society. Body Presumed Consent Donation of organ is the act of giving a gift or voluntarily donating an organ to another person. When organ transplantation started taking place, the consent of the donor and his family was given great importance and without their consent organ donation and transplantation could not take place. Due to this, there was a shortage of organs available in the market and nations started applying presumed consent system. Presumed consent refers to one’s belief that a person or his family members have no objection regarding transplantation of organs of a dead individual. Presumed consent may not take place if the family members stop or disallow the transplantation procedure (Devettere 401). Due to presumed consent, ample numbers of patients who need organ donations have started gaining access to organs but the number is still quite low due to the existence of black markets. Because of the existence of black markets, presumed consent can not be practiced in an efficient manner as people prefer selling their organs in the black market rather donating it and this is a common practice in developing nations. Regulating Markets and Black Markets The huge amount of difference between the demand for organs and supply of organs has resulted in an increase in black markets for organs. The demand for organs is much higher than the supply throughout the world; this has made policy makers take measures to counter the difference between the demand and supply. This has led n ations such as Singapore to reimburse and provide incentives to donors in order to encourage them to donate their organs (Cooper 15). Nations such as Singapore are even investing heavily in the procedure of donation and this is a very high cost to the donor in financial terms. The government and policy makers have taken steps such as paying for the transplant procedure and expenses that are bared by donors after the procedure has taken place. A major challenge recognized for the activities conducted by nations is the challenge known as transplant commercialism. Transplant commercialism is referred to the treatment of organs as a commodity which results in the buying and selling of organs and which increases the act of organ trafficking (Danovitch 443). Transplant commercialism is recognized as an unethical act because it shakes the very foundations of organ donation. Policy makers have realized that the nations that are providing incentives for organ donation are conducting an uneth ical act of reimbursing donors in return for their organs. On the other hand, policy makers do not restrict reimbursements. This will not leave the donor with a financial reward and will neither result in a disadvantage to him. According to the utilitarian view of ethics, all activities that are considered ethical must provide the optimum level of benefit to the society. If one views organ donation black

Friday, November 15, 2019

Vidal Business Strategy Overconfidence

Vidal Business Strategy Overconfidence Introduction During the annual business plan meeting regarding the shower gel brand Vidal, it was decided for 2017 to decline the 1+1 promo quantities in an effort to achieve better profitability versus last year. From the arguments that were presented, i believe that the team has overestimated the probability for the latter scenario to happen, since the decision might has been impacted by overconfidence. The aim of this report is a) to present arguments that justify the latter, b) to detect the source of this bias and c) to recommend de-bias techniques that will be proved useful also for the future. The case Vidal, in a short period of time became the 3rd player into the segment, with a continuous growth. Last year it gained +3.5 points in terms of market share and a +30% increase in value sales. Managers pointed that the key drivers of success were: a) the great value for money product b) the highest rate of 1+1 promo intensity c) the investment on distribution and traditional advertising. The team concluded that the objective to penetrate the market was completed and there is an opportunity to achieve better profitability and ROI at the end of 2017. This could happen by a 20-25% reduction in 1+1 promo quantities. Following this strategy, managers estimated that they can retain at least last years value sales, which in combination with the lower cost of selling goods will improve the brands profitability. The greatest ally that will support the latter is products excellence and consumer loyalty. More specifically, they considered that the combination of products low price (2ndlowest) and quality is so unique, that by reducing the 1+1 promo, consumers will be directed towards the regular product. Moreover, after the distribution expansion the team estimated that the products superiority versus competition will attract new consumers. I feel that both scenarios are overconfident and their probabilities should be reassessed for the following reasons. Initially, the findings of a qualitative research indicated that Vidal is a value for money product, but still lacks in terms of packaging. Most consumers considered the packaging as old fashioned and correlated it with Private Label. Additionally, they indicated some practical issues during the usage which are capable to restrain both users experience and perceptional quality. From a quantitative perspective, it was noticed that 55% of Vidals revenues were generated from the 1+1 quantities whereas the regular product presented a sharp increase in 3 out of 5 variances, mainly because of distribution expansion and not from gaining consumers from other players. Private Labels are leaders into the segment while in 2016 presented a substantial growth. From the data report, I noticed that the second player had around -40% lower price during some periods that are not supported from their 1+1 promo wave. From the latter I suspect that they might invested in price reductions in order to constrain PLs growth since they are more expensive. As a consequence I would like to underline that: Private labels are growing significantly in a price sensitive segment. Maybe by reducing 1+1 quantities we might push our consumers towards them, since we are highly correlated and more expensive. Palmolive might has realized the threat of PL and might has adapted its strategy by offering price reductions. The initiative to reduce our investment under these circumstances might also outflow consumers towards them. I think that the team has overestimated the regular products competitive advantage compared with competition and underestimated the importance of 1+1 promo. I believe that the source of this bias is generated by the teams motivation to improve profits since its a key performance indicator for both the companys and managers growth. During this effort managers knew that is not feasible to increase investment in order to boost sales and consequently they thought about a cost reduction strategy. The initial feedback about the very good results might boosted their confidence, whereas the fact that the brand has experienced only successes might constrained them to consider alternative scenarios. In order to improve the decision making process I would like to recommend some techniques of reducing overconfidence. The first is related about the importance of counter-argumentation. This means that managers when taking a decision should consider reasons why this decision might goes wrong. If the latter is difficult then they could ask from outsiders to express their opinion. For example in our case before approving the decision all the team members is recommended to list a number of reasons why the 1+1 reduction could not lead to increased profitability. In case that no one could think about any reason then, the Sales force should provide some input, since they have excellent sense of the market and its dynamics. Secondly, I would indicate the importance of feedback. The company is operating since 1970 while is consisted form experienced and new members. It is a great opportunity to exploit the companys knowledge by creating a case-study library that will host all the companys past successes and failures. Once a year we could organize the Sarantis-Training-Academy, in which managers will be assigned with cases, and they will be asked to provide their input for each strategy by assigning probabilities about their favored hypothesis. Afterwards, they will be informed about the real outcome and managers will be aware if they are overconfident or not. Finally from now on, I recommend that the Brand manager should be accountable for every decision. After every business plan meeting he will be responsible to present the proposals on the board of directors. The fact that he will have to present the ideas to seniors and experienced members might help him to enhance both self and group-criticism and reducing overconfidence. Conclusion The marketing team might has overestimated the probability of their scenario regarding the brands strategy of 2017, whereas this time has neglected also the normative approach. The excellent launch in combination with the fact that Vidal has experienced only successes might boosted the level of confidence. In order to improve the decision process this report has proposed 3 debias techniques (feedback, consider-the opposite and accountability) that according to the behavioral research seem to eliminate overconfidence. Part B Introduction Overconfidence might be proved a deleterious element for the decision making process since it does not only evokes people to overestimate their probabilities about the favored scenario but it also can cause catastrophic consequences. For example, in a study that examined the effect of overconfidence on newsvendors forecasts, showed that the higher the overconfidence the faster the profit loss (Crosson and Ren, 2009), while nowadays overconfidence seems to be a key driver for many start-up failures. This report is based on previous studies, and aims to underline the causes that triggered overconfidence to the Vidals marketing team while in parallel is focusing to provide a series of debiasing techniques in an effort to eliminate its effect. Overconfidence and Success In Vidals case I feel that the successful launch among with the wide recognition of the teams efforts, might have boosted their level of confidence. This relationship between success and overconfidence has lot of similarities with the case of Ducati. More specifically, in 2003 Ducati entered the motorcycle racing circuit MotoGP without having high expectations. During this effort, the team was focusing on data analysis and was gathering continuous feedback from the drivers for its improvement. At the end of the first year, Ducati surpassed every expectation and gathered the 2nd place, whereas for next year the team targeted the 1st place. This time the differentiated point was that the team stopped looking deeply into the data and receiving feedback. They considered that now their experience was enough in order to create an even better motorbike. Once a team member indicated you look into the data to understand whats going wrong and not why you are performing well. The next year Ducati did not covered expectations and performed even worse than the previous year. (Gino and Pisano,2011). Similarly, like on Ducatis case, it is remarkable how the Vidals marketing team after its successful launch didnt look deeply into the data, since so far it was a key principle prior taking any action. Additionally, the team seemed overconfident not only about their predictions but also about the products characteristics and performance. There are findings which show that success can inspire overconfidence. For example in a recent study, Hilary and Menzly (2016) found that analysts becoming overconfident when they achieve accurate forecasts as they tend to rely more on private information and to neglect markets reaction. As a consequence they perform less accurate predictions in the future. Additionally, when a trader achieves successful performance he becomes overconfident as he tends to revise his perceptional skills higher than the expected. The latter leads him not to use important information even though he might has a good database (Gervais and Odean, 2001). Walter and Ferrier (2004) stated also that success could generate overconfidence while it makes managers intolerant on new prospects. Since, success inspires overconfidence, it is important for managers to examine and understand the causes of success (Gino and Pisano,2011). Definition and Sources of Overconfidence Plous (1993,p.217) stated that no judgement decision is more prevalent and more catastrophic than overconfidence. In order to support this rationale in his book are some examples of the negative consequences of overconfidence. One of them is the destruction of Pearl Harbor, since Americans considered impossible the scenario for someone to conduct a proper attack in that location. Similarly, NASA, before the explosion of the space shuttle Challenger in 1986, had estimated that the risk of failure was 1/10,000. Overconfidence might has different forms. The first is related when someone overestimating the probability of the favored outcome to occur (Griffin and Varey, 1996), while the others are related when people consider themselves to be better than others, or when someone overestimates his skills or performance (overestimation) (MooreHealy,2007). I believe that in Vidals case both types are valid. This happens because the team might overestimated the probability to retain the amount of 2016 value sales by neglecting critical information, while they have excellent perception about the products potential. Russo and Shoemaker (1992) stated that a major cause of overconfidence is a persons difficulty to imagine all different outcomes that an event could have (availability bias).Due to this deficiency people become overconfident regarding their predictions as they have fewer paths to consider. In Vidals case the team could not envision different consequences of the cost reduction strategy, whereas the fact that the brand had only successes, might restricted the teams effort to recall or envision different scenarios. Another cause of overconfidence according to Russo and Shoemaker is anchoring. They stated that managers are anchored to one value or idea without making any adjustments, As a result they might generate sales forecasts before setting and adjusting their confidence rates. A prior study of Tversky and Khaleman (1974) confirmed this relationship by also stating that people tend to underestimate the risk of failure. The fact that cost reduction was the first thing that crossed the teams mind, might be due to an association based error. People are not used to think hard and usually trust the judgment that comes first into their mind (Kalheman,2003). Here, the first thing that the managers noticed was that Vidal had by far the highest promo intensity, while they might recalled from their semantic memory that cost reduction is a common and direct way to improve profitability. Arkes (1991) stated that people can think reasons to support their judgments much faster than the contradictory ones. The latter in combination with the fact that supportive reasons are greatly cued can cause overconfidence. Debiasing Techniques and Limitations Lichtenstein and Fischhoff (1980), stated that people are usually overconfident, but in an experiment that they conducted they found that feedback could improve participants calibration. Calibration is the skill to assign probabilities that equals the correct estimations (Sharp et.al, 1988). Performance feedback is one out of four types of feedback (outcome, process, environmental, performance) that are related with judgmental predictions, and can be divided into two subtypes (scoring-rule and calibration feedback)(Benson Onkal, 1992). In 1987, Arkes conducted an experiment between 2 groups in order to detect the effect of feedback. The 2nd group was informed that will have easy questions to answer while the 1st group was told that the questions were difficult. However, in reality both questions were difficult. After the first 5 questions the second group had higher confidence but same accuracy ratio with the first group. During the next sessions and after the second group received the discouraging feedback the members expressed less confidence and better accuracy. Similarly, in a recent study in which participated 57 students it was founded that performance feedback reduced overconfidence and lead to more accurate predictions (Al-Harthy 2016). Moreover, Richards (2015), examined as well the effect of feedback. This time the sample was consisted from 171 MBA students with 5 years of working experience. The participants were asked to assess themselves in 5 areas and afterwards to participate in a 3-hour assessment regarding their skills (problem solving, decision making, leadership, teamwork and planning).After the assessment, they participated in a pedagogy course in order to understand the essentials of behavior in relevance with the above skills. In parallel, they were being involved with many tasks such as: feedback and discussions with students. At the end of the semester the subjects repeated the same assessment. It was found that participants initially were overconfident in their self-assessment but after the feedback and the training cou rse their overconfidence level was reduced. Russo and Shoemaker(1992) pointed out the importance of feedback in companies since its a fast and cheap way to reduce overconfidence. He proposed that, companies should provide the employees with actual past cases where the result is known and to ask them to provide their guesses combined by their confidence level. With this method that was applied also successfully in Shell in order to train its junior gemologists, the employees learn to assess their level of confidence in relevance with their job and to identify if they are overconfident or not. However, all the above do not mean that feedback is always effective. Meikle et.al (2016) stated that this method is not suitable for people who have vested interest in seeing the world in a biased way. More specifically, a study in which participated football fans showed that feedback was not able to improve their accuracy on predictions since most of them still had preferences towards their favorite team (Massey et.al,2011).Additionally, the scoring-rule feedback (subtype of performance feedback) in which the forecaster gets rewards or penalties according to the outcome of his prediction doesnt show to reduce overconfidence (Fisher,1982). Finally, its important to indicate that this method is less efficient on overconfident CEOs, as they tend to show greater resistance on feedback which restricts them from improving calibration (Chen,et.al,2014). Feedback is useful for improving the decision making process since one of its characteristics is to warn that something, goes wrong or it might go wrong Thaler and Sunstein (2008). Kahneman (2003) stated that an outsiders view can provide more accurate predictions while it is less possible to provide unrealistic estimations. This happens because the outsiders view can provide safety against favored predictions that have less probabilities than the expected to happen (Kahneman Lovallo,1993). The outsiders can exploit knowledge from previous experiences by taking also into account the problems unique characteristics and data. As a result, since many people are overconfident, it is recommended for important decisions to ask either from an outsider to share his opinion or the decision maker to try to think like an outsider (Bazerman, 2013). This means that the decision maker should either think of reasons why his scenario might go wrong or to ask from others to provide counterarguments (Russo Shoemaker,1992). The latter might be proved helpful since considering the opposite scenario is capable to reduce the high levels of confidence (Soll et.al 2013).In a study that was conducted by Koriat et.al (1980), it was found that when subjects wrote down contradicted reasons and alternatives against their selected answer, they showed less confidence and better calibration. One way that might lead to this direction and to reduce overconfidence is accountability. The fact that the person is accountable for the decision, will lead him to enhance his pre-emptive self-criticism as he will have to present the decision and its rationale to others (Larrick, 2004).This mechanism will lead him to improve the decision quality and to assess more objectively the alternatives (Tetlock et.al, 1989). In a study that was conducted by Tetlock Kim(1987) the subjects participated in a person-perception process. The participants after receiving responses from each test taker they were asked to submit a short personality brief and to retake the test. This time they had to predict the responses of each test taker by assigning probabilities and level of confidence. It was found that subjects that they were told (before the test), that the researcher would like to have a detailed interview about their answers, to show more appropriate levels of confidence and better accuracy. Similarly in a recent study that participated 71 student students in a computer-based laboratory showed that accountability reduced significantly overconfidence (Jermias,2006). However, Brown (1999) stated that accountability might lead managers to take decisions that are most favorable to their peers, while the great amount of information could cause the lost-pilot effect if it will not being used properly (Larrick,2004). Accountability, does not seem to improve calibration in organizations in which the answer to the question what is a good decision is maddeningly subjective (e.g advertising agencies), whereas it is more effective in preventing rather reversing judgmental biases (Tetlock Kim 1987). The positive effect of overconfidence recommendations Contrary to all the above, overconfidence does not have solely negative effects. As Goethe wroteFor a man to achieve all that is demanded of him he must regard himself as greater than he is. Bernardo and Welch (2001) stated that overconfident entrepreneurs are more likely to explore their environment and to provide additional information to their social group while overconfident managers are more willing a)to take risk decisions b)to devote more effort and c) to motivate the team to accomplish its goal (Gervais et.al,2002). Finally, Taylor and Brown (1998) indicated that overconfident and optimistic people are more positive, happier and they have excellent ability for caring about others. Since overconfidence has also a positive side, Russo (1992) recommends that managers should distinguish between deciding and doing. This means that the decision process should be combined by realism and rationality, whereas the implementation of the decision should take advantage of the motivational benefits of overconfidence. As a result, its important for the decision makers to realize what they do know and what they dont, while the ones who are implementing the decision should indulge overconfidence when they think that will be proved beneficial for the performance. Conclusion Overconfidence when impacts the decision process could have negative consequences. However, it has some advantages that can be exploited from the ones who are implementing the decision. Since the decision process is critical, it is suggested to eliminate this effect by using three debiasing techniques. Performance feedback seems to improve calibration, whereas when people are thinking about why their decision might go wrong, they tend to reduce overconfidence. Finally, in special cases accountability seems to enhance self-criticism and to lead to a more rational way of thinking. References       Al-Harthy, I. (2016). Prediction Accuracy: The Role of Feedback in 6th Graders Recall Predictions. International Education Studies, 9(3), 212. doi:10.5539/ies.v9n3p212 Arkes, H. (1991). Costs and benefits of judgment errors: Implications for debiasing. Psychological Bulletin, 110(3), 486-498. doi:10.1037//0033-2909.110.3.486 Arkes, H., Christensen, C., Lai, C., Blumer, C. (1987). Two methods of reducing overconfidence. Organizational Behavior And Human Decision Processes, 39(1), 133-144. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(87)90049-5 Bazerman, M. (2013). Becoming a first-class noticer. How to spot and prevent ethical failures in your organization. Harvard Business Review. Bernardo, A. Welch, I. (2001). On the Evolution of Overconfidence and Entrepreneurs. Journal Of Economics Management Strategy, 10(3), 301-330. doi:10.1162/105864001316907964 Benson, P. ÃÆ'-nkal, D. (1992). The effects of feedback and training on the performance of probability forecasters. International Journal Of Forecasting, 8(4), 559-573. doi:10.1016/0169-2070(92)90066-i Brown, C. (1999). Do the Right Thing: Diverging Effects of Accountability in a Managerial Context. Marketing Science, 18(3), 230-246. doi:10.1287/mksc.18.3.230 Chen, G., Crossland, C., Luo, S. (2014). Making the same mistake all over again: CEO overconfidence and corporate resistance to corrective feedback. Strategic Management Journal, 36(10), 1513-1535. doi:10.1002/smj.2291 Chen, G., Crossland, C., Luo, S. (2014). Making the same mistake all over again: CEO overconfidence and corporate resistance to corrective feedback. Strategic Management Journal, 36(10), 1513-1535. doi:10.1002/smj.2291 Ferrier, W. Lyon, D. (2004). Competitive repertoire simplicity and firm performance: The moderating role of top management team heterogeneity. Managerial And Decision Economics, 25(67), 317-327. doi:10.1002/mde.1193 Fischer, G. (1982). Scoring-rule feedback and the overconfidence syndrome in subjective probability forecasting. Organizational Behavior And Human Performance, 29(3), 352-369. doi:10.1016/0030-5073(82)90250-1 Gervais, S. Odean, T. Learning To Be Overconfident. SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.36313 Gervais, S., Heaton, J., Odean, T. Overconfidence, Investment Policy, and Executive Stock Options. SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.361200 Gino, F. Pisano, G. (2011). Why Leaders Dont Learn From Success. Harvard Business Review, 1-8. Griffin, D. Varey, C. (1996). Towards a Consensus on Overconfidence. Organizational Behavior And Human Decision Processes, 65(3), 227-231. doi:10.1006/obhd.1996.0023 Healy, P. Moore, D. The Trouble With Overconfidence. SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1001821 Hilary, G. Menzly, L. Does Past Success Lead Analysts to Become Overconfident?. SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1753771 Kahneman, D. (2003). Maps of Bounded Rationality: Psychology for Behavioral Economics. American Economic Review, 93(5), 1449-1475. doi:10.1257/000282803322655392 Kahneman, D. Lovallo, D. (1993). Timid Choices and Bold Forecasts: A Cognitive Perspective on Risk Taking. Management Science, 39(1), 17-31. doi:10.1287/mnsc.39.1.17 Koriat, A., Lichtenstein, S., Fischhoff, B. (1980). Reasons for confidence. Journal Of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning Memory, 6(2), 107-118. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.6.2.107 Larrick, R. (2004). Blackwell handbook of judgment and decision making. Choice Reviews Online, 42(08), 316-337. doi:10.5860/choice.42-4710 Lichtenstein, S. Fischhoff, B. (1980). Training for calibration. Organizational Behavior And Human Performance, 26(2), 149-171. doi:10.1016/0030-5073(80)90052-5 Massey, C., Simmons, J., Armor, D. Hope Over Experience: Desirability and the Persistence of Optimism. SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1552394 Meikle, N., Tenney, E., Moore, D. (2016). Overconfidence at work: Does overconfidence survive the checks and balances of organizational life?. Research In Organizational Behavior, 36, 121-134. doi:10.1016/j.riob.2016.11.005 Plous, S. (1993). The psychology of judgment and decision making (1st ed.). Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Ren, Y., C. Croson, D., T.A. Croson, R. (2016). The overconfident newsvendor. Journal Of The Operational Research Society. doi:10.1057/s41274-016-0103-5 Richards, D. (1997). Developing Cross-Cultural Management Skills: Experiential Learning in an International MBA Programme. Management Learning, 28(4), 387-407. doi:10.1177/1350507697284001 Russo, E. Shoemaker, P. (1992). Managing Overconfidence. Sloan Management Review, 1-7. Sharp, G., Cutler, B., Penrod, S. (1988). Performance feedback improves the resolution of confidence judgments. Organizational Behavior And Human Decision Processes, 42(3), 271-283. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(88)90001- Soll, J., Milkman, K., Payne, J. (2015). A USERS GUIDE TO DEBIASING, 1-29. Sunstein, C. Thaler, R. (2008). Nudge: improving decisions about health, wealth, and happiness (1st ed.). Clitheroe: Joosr Taylor, S. Brown, J. (1988). Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health. Psychological Bulletin, 103(2), 193-210. doi:10.1037//0033-2909.103.2.193 Tetlock, P. Kim, J. (1987). Accountability and judgment processes in a personality prediction task. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 52(4), 700-709. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.52.4.700 Tetlock, P. Kim, J. (1987). Accountability and judgment processes in a personality prediction task. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 52(4), 700-709. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.52.4.700 Tversky, A. Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. Science, 185(4157), 1124-1131. doi:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Television and Media Essay - Daytime Talk TV -- Media Argumentative Pe

Daytime Talk Television      Ã‚   Daytime talk television is certainly controversial. There are those who find these types of shows informative and helpful. There are others who view these shows as pointless and inappropriate. I agree with the latter. Daytime talk television is pointless and it presents material that should not appear on television. I believe that some talk shows need to be removed from the airwaves and not seen again.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When looking at daytime talk television, once can see that there are two main styles, which are apparent when looking at the content and manner at which they are presented. There are show like Ricki Lake, Jenny Jones, and the infamous Jerry Springer who bring guests out onto the stage and exploit their problems and in no way try to help the guest through whatever is bothering them. These hosts have shows whose topics range from cheating spouses to homosexual crushes. Jenny Jones hosted a show in which a homosexual man confessed his interest in a heterosexual man. This turned out to be a homicide case, a couple days after the show. The conflict is rarely resolved and most of the times the situation is made worse and more complicated, as in the case of the homosexual's murder. These shows simply parade people with little shame for their behavior. These shows are out to be wild and crazy and make money, with no regard for those who help them achieve this . The other talk shows that appear on television, however, tend to be very positive and are working to some goal. These shows deal with people's feelings, conflicts and experiences and present them to the audience to help council them or guide them through common struggles that other people are dealing with . Oprah... ...It turns out that Oprah is one of the few positive talk shows on television. I believe that Oprah is trying to make life better for others and so I approve of her work. On the other hand, daytime talk television is only entertainment and a display of dirty values. It should not be allowed to portray several of the ideas that it does. As Merry Thomas states, "I would love to see new shows on television which are wholesome and appropriate for viewers of all ages." This is an excellent idea because we can all learn good things from good values.    Works Cited Gaines, Donna. "How Jenny Jones Saved my Life." The Village Voice 1995. Greene, Leonard. "Talk Shows Need to Take Responsibility for Content." The Boston Herald. October 30, 1995. Thomas, Merry. Telephone Interview. 27 Feb. 2002 Thomas, Rhett. Telephone Interview. 27 Feb. 2002   

Sunday, November 10, 2019

The Bell Jar

Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest The bell jar and one flew over the cuckoo's nest can be linked considerably. Both novels are set in 1950†² America post the ‘cold war' an era where conformity and obedience is a norm and anything that impairs it isn't seen as a benefit to society. Both novels explore themes such as paranoia, suspicion and mental health. The Bell Jar has a significant opening with the first sentence that mentions the execution of the Rosenbergs â€Å"It was a queer, sultry summer, the summer they electrocuted theRosenbergs† The opening immediately foreshadows the expectations that arrive in the novel in addition how society at the time behaved and based assumptions on. The fact that the sentence first opens with the description of electrocution has a major impact as the electrocution is a chilling topic that Esther has to encounter throughout the novel, as the subject of electrocution has been deliberately made important in the first chapter it reflects Es ther's severe perception of the subject its self.Furthermore in chapter 1 It is assumed that paranoia and suspicion also have an mportant role in the chapter â€Å"Goggle-eyed headlines staring up at me on every street corner† the suggestion that society segregated members for having a view point and opinion on controversial topics, and the fact members had to conform if not there will be raised issues and suspicion. In comparison the opening chapter of One flew over the cuckoos nest also starts with paranoia and suspicion â€Å"They are out there† this condemns the audience to question who and what Is out there, a ideology that 1950's America was secluding Individuals on opinions and mental health.Both of the novels are written in first person narratives which directly parks us Into the state of mind of the characters allowing us to ponder and take upon their Imagination to perceive the world as they do such as the striking Imagery we receive. â€Å"l felt as though I were carrying that cadavers head around with me on a string, Ilke some black, noseless balloon stinking of vinegar† this Imagery puts the reader In the position that we start to realise that death Is forever following Esther and It Is a reoccurring threat to her and the Idea of her not conforming.Through her first person narrative we are able to place our self's In her position and see the world from her eyes. In comparison to one flew over the cuckoos nest It Is also written In the first person narrative through the eyes of a mental health patient, similarly to the Bell Jar we are placed Into a mind of a patient that Isn't condemned as ‘sane' so therefore has a significant Impact on the questioning In what Is normal or not.The Bell Jar By rzerroukil self. Furthermore in chapter 1 it is assumed that paranoia and suspicion also have an One flew over the cuckoo's nest also starts with paranoia and suspicion â€Å"They are out there† this condemns the audience to q uestion who and what is out there, a ideology that 1950's America was secluding individuals on opinions and mental health.Both of the novels are written in first person narratives which directly parks us into the state of mind of the characters allowing us to ponder and take upon their imagination to perceive the world as they do such as the striking imagery we receive. â€Å"l felt as though I were carrying that cadavers head around with me on a string, like some lack, noseless balloon stinking of vinegar† this imagery puts the reader in the position that we start to realise that death is forever following Esther and it is a reoccurring threat to her and the idea of her not conforming.Through her first person narrative we are able to place our self's in her position and see the world from her eyes. In comparison to one flew over the cuckoo's nest it is also written in Bell Jar we are placed into a mind of a patient that isn't condemned as ‘sane' so therefore has a sign ificant impact on the questioning in what is normal or not. The Bell Jar Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest The bell jar and one flew over the cuckoo's nest can be linked considerably. Both novels are set in 1950†² America post the ‘cold war' an era where conformity and obedience is a norm and anything that impairs it isn't seen as a benefit to society. Both novels explore themes such as paranoia, suspicion and mental health. The Bell Jar has a significant opening with the first sentence that mentions the execution of the Rosenbergs â€Å"It was a queer, sultry summer, the summer they electrocuted theRosenbergs† The opening immediately foreshadows the expectations that arrive in the novel in addition how society at the time behaved and based assumptions on. The fact that the sentence first opens with the description of electrocution has a major impact as the electrocution is a chilling topic that Esther has to encounter throughout the novel, as the subject of electrocution has been deliberately made important in the first chapter it reflects Es ther's severe perception of the subject its self.Furthermore in chapter 1 It is assumed that paranoia and suspicion also have an mportant role in the chapter â€Å"Goggle-eyed headlines staring up at me on every street corner† the suggestion that society segregated members for having a view point and opinion on controversial topics, and the fact members had to conform if not there will be raised issues and suspicion. In comparison the opening chapter of One flew over the cuckoos nest also starts with paranoia and suspicion â€Å"They are out there† this condemns the audience to question who and what Is out there, a ideology that 1950's America was secluding Individuals on opinions and mental health.Both of the novels are written in first person narratives which directly parks us Into the state of mind of the characters allowing us to ponder and take upon their Imagination to perceive the world as they do such as the striking Imagery we receive. â€Å"l felt as though I were carrying that cadavers head around with me on a string, Ilke some black, noseless balloon stinking of vinegar† this Imagery puts the reader In the position that we start to realise that death Is forever following Esther and It Is a reoccurring threat to her and the Idea of her not conforming.Through her first person narrative we are able to place our self's In her position and see the world from her eyes. In comparison to one flew over the cuckoos nest It Is also written In the first person narrative through the eyes of a mental health patient, similarly to the Bell Jar we are placed Into a mind of a patient that Isn't condemned as ‘sane' so therefore has a significant Impact on the questioning In what Is normal or not.The Bell Jar By rzerroukil self. Furthermore in chapter 1 it is assumed that paranoia and suspicion also have an One flew over the cuckoo's nest also starts with paranoia and suspicion â€Å"They are out there† this condemns the audience to q uestion who and what is out there, a ideology that 1950's America was secluding individuals on opinions and mental health.Both of the novels are written in first person narratives which directly parks us into the state of mind of the characters allowing us to ponder and take upon their imagination to perceive the world as they do such as the striking imagery we receive. â€Å"l felt as though I were carrying that cadavers head around with me on a string, like some lack, noseless balloon stinking of vinegar† this imagery puts the reader in the position that we start to realise that death is forever following Esther and it is a reoccurring threat to her and the idea of her not conforming.Through her first person narrative we are able to place our self's in her position and see the world from her eyes. In comparison to one flew over the cuckoo's nest it is also written in Bell Jar we are placed into a mind of a patient that isn't condemned as ‘sane' so therefore has a sign ificant impact on the questioning in what is normal or not.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Burial in different cultures (

Burial in different cultures ( Burial in Mythology Practices of the Ancient Egyptian and Greco-Roman Cultures Ancient Egyptian and Greco-Roman practices of preparing the dead for the next cradle of humanity are very intriguing. These two cultures differ in amultitude of ways yet similarities can be noted in the domain of funerary services. In the realm of Egyptian afterlife, The Book of the Dead canprovide one with vital information concerning ritual entombment practicesand myths of the afterlife. The additional handouts I received fromTimothy Stoker also proved to be useful in trying uncover vital informationregarding the transition into another life.Regarding the burial practicesof Greece and Rome, parts of Homer's Odyssey are useful in the analysis ofproper interment methods. One particular method used by the Egyptians was an intricateprocess known as mummification. It was undoubtedly a very involved processspanning seventy days in some cases. First, all the internal organs wereremoved with one exception, the h eart.Egyptian VIf the body was not already West ofthe Nile it was transported across it, but not before the drying processwas initiated. Natron (a special salt) was extracted from the banks of theNile and was placed under the corpse, on the sides, on top, and bags of thesubstance were placed inside the body cavity to facilitate the process of dehydration. After thirty-five days the ancient embalmers would anoint thebody with oil and wrap it in fine linen. If the deceased was wealthyenough a priest donning a mask of Anubis would preside over the ceremoniesto ensure proper passage into the next realm. One of the practices overseen by the priest was the placing of aspecial funerary amulet over the heart. This was done in behest to secure asuccessful union with Osiris and their kas. The amulet made sure the heartdid not speak out against the individual at the scale of the goddess...

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Chem151 Course Guide Essay

Chem151 Course Guide Essay Chem151 Course Guide Essay CHEMISTRY 151 Hybrid-Fall Instructor: Dr. Ryan McDonnell office: N-203L Class: N309 Lab: N308 Course Description: CHM 151 – General Chemistry I. This course covers fundamental principles and laws of chemistry. Topics include measurement, atomic and molecular structure, periodicity, chemical reactions, chemical bonding, stoichiometry, thermochemistry, gas laws, and solutions. Upon completion, students should be able to demonstrate an understanding of fundamental chemical laws and concepts as needed in CHM 152. A hybrid course indicates that although we meet in class, most of the will be self-taught using the text-book, SMARTWORK, or online aid. (I suggest KAHN ACADEMY). Most of the course grading will be ONLINE. Course Objectives: Upon completion, students should be able to demonstrate a basic understanding of chemistry and the interrelationships of the following topics: Measurements & units Atoms, Molecules & Ions Chemical Formulas, Equations and Calculations Chemical Reactions LAB HOURS PER WEEK: 3 SEMESTER HOURS CREDIT: 4 Prerequisite: (1)A grade of ‘C’ or better in MAT 080,090, 095, 161 or 171 or equivalent placement (2)A grade of ‘C’ or better in ENG 095 or equivalent. Text: Chemistry, 3rd ed.; (Gilbert, Kirss, Foster, Davis) Labbook: Experiments in General Chemistry 9th Ed. General Education Competencies Will Incorporate All or Some of the Following: Things You Need During Class: Calculator (You should never use your cell phone in class) Paper Writing Utensil Lab book (if used) Class Rules: Cheating of ANY kind will result in a failing grade for this course and disciplinary action No food allowed in the classroom. Drinks must have a lid on them. Cell phones will not be permitted as a â€Å"Calculator Resource† during class, quizzes, and exams.(or iTouch/Zoom etc); your cell phone and/or ringer must be off at all times during class, unless it is a pre-discussed emergency with your instructor. Disruptions will result in lost points GRADING SCALE: CFCC has adopted the following grading scale. (92.100) A = 4.00 WP = (not computed in grade point average) (84.91) B = 3.00 WF = (computed as an â€Å"F†) (76.83) C = 2.00 I = Incomplete (paperwork required) (68.75) D = 1.00 (0 – 67) F = 0.00 Course Grading (Course Grading is subject to change.) Quizzes / HW (25%) Primarily Graded through Blackboard/SMARTWORK Exams (30%) Three exams will be given Laboratory (25%) See laboratory Syllabi Final Exam (20%) A cumulative final exam will be taken by each student NOTE: Your final grade is essential determined by your exam grade. Failure to keep a passing exam average indicates that you are unlikely to pass this course. Extra Credit: There will be no individual extra credit. Any extra credit will be given to all students in the form of additional questions on tests. SMARTWORK: Smartwork is a program available through blackboard. It is a HW program designed to track your progress outside of the classroom. In addition to demonstrating the solution to HW problems, it will also provide helpful hints, suggestions and practice problems you can use to perfect your skills. SMARTWORK will be graded (but you can repeat problems infinitely) N407 Science Study Room: N407 is a study room for use by all biology & chemistry students. The room is equipped with computers with internet access, reference materials including the CD-ROM REVEALED, skeletons, study posters, microscopes and slides. Learning Lab Science Tutors staff the study room and are available for tutoring. You must fill out a permission form to have access to this room and tutors. No printers are available in N407. Attendance Policy: Students must be in attendance for at least 80% of class hours to receive credit for this course. In this course missing 20% of class hours will be defined as: a) Missing four (4) homework assignments, or b) Missing 4 labs.

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Article analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Article analysis - Essay Example The research data has shown that there is need for future development of theoretical frameworks and analytical tools that are used to assess effects of stress and psychological factors on health ought to be grounded in the historic understanding of African American experience on the family and their knowledge of culture. The study also found out that the concept of motherhood is a source of power among women and their families and it also noted that the media shapes our perceptions about good or bad mothers. The main strength of the study is that it sought to outline empirical evidence about the experiences that are faced by African American women in their transition to motherhood. These people are certainly impacted by both sociological and cultural factors such as class structures that are racially based in different societies in America. These factors have a bearing on the experiences that are often encountered by the African American women as they develop into motherhood stage. P revious researches have excluded how factors such as race, class and gender impact on African American women on their maternal role attainment. ... The other strength of the research is that it used a Hermeneutic phenomenology from an Afrocentric feminist perspective methodology. â€Å"Hermeneutics is a research method that seeks to interpret the human experience of the world through the use of language to provide both understanding and knowledge,† (Draucher, 1999, as cited in Fouquier, 2011). It can be seen that this approach is effective since it is designed to create new data through understanding of the world around people. Language is a very important factor that can be used in the understanding of the world around us. For instance, people learn as well as communicate using language hence the reason why it is a very important aspect of our lives. In carrying research, this design is also very important particularly in the clinical field since it helps to draw information from the participants involved in the study. The third strength of the research is that it used the snowball technique to recruit a purposive sample of 18 African American women from three generations to participate in the study. The advantage of this method is that people with similar characteristics are selected to participate in the study. Therefore, consistency is likely to be obtained in the data collected since people who share the same features and characteristics are chosen to participate in the study. These people are likely to represent the general views of the people selected for the study. The method used for data collection is also a major strength of the study. The research utilised open ended and semi structured interview questions to solicit data from the participants. The advantage of this method

Friday, November 1, 2019

Choose from the book Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Choose from the book - Essay Example The collapse of the banks reduced bank loans leading to less expenditure than initial. The crash of the stock markets reduced the spending capability of individuals through fear of further economic woes. Unemployment and job losses led to a reduction of the purchasing power. Purchasing power is defined as the ability of the society to purchase goods and services. Increased purchases indicate the power of the society and improved welfare while reduced purchases indicate an ailing economy that needs intervention and support. The reduction of purchasing power of the economy at the time was an indication of the reduction of income earning and creation in the country. The situation was made worse with the inability of the banks to offer loans that could improve the purchasing power. The failure to offer loans to the citizens also indicated the situation of the banks in terms of financial strengths. Later, several banks collapsed and with the collapse came massive losses to the citizens th rough loss of savings and investments. The situation was so dire that banks' lost public confidence leading to the creation of the FDIC to offer support and security for individual savings. With such massive issues, the financial sector of the country was in shambles leading to the failure of the whole economy called the great depression. In addition, American economic policy changes as a result of the ailing economy. The government created the Smooth-Hawley Tariff to protect the American companies. The policy charged high tax for imports reducing the amount of trade between America and the rest of the world. The Smooth-Hawley Tariff protected the country production companies from competition. However, the mode of protection led to the isolation of the country because International Corporation could not venture into the country due to the expensive nature of business operations. Drought was an indirect facilitator of the economic problems witnessed in the country. The serious drough t occurred in the Mississippi valley, in 1930, leading to the sale of farm lands in order to remain afloat (Foner 90). While not affecting the economy directly, it helped in the shaping of the economic perspective of the country, to create a financial problem in the area. The drought did not have a massive influence on the economy but helped facilitate the already worse economy to decline. The role of Franklin Roosevelt in economy improvement After the depression witnessed the country struggled to recover from the failure with minimal success until the election of Franklin Roosevelt. Roosevelt enacted several Legislations through congress in a bid to help industrial and economic recovery. The creation of the National Recovery Administration was to foster operation between the government, business and labor in order to achieve success. During the first hundred days of his tenure, he instigated changes in the political leadership to solve the banking crisis with the main focus of the change to restore and not offer drastic change in the economy. The job losses and unemployment witnessed after the great depression had affected the lives of the citizens (Foner 121). In order to assist, the president instigated relief programs to support provision of basic needs to families and also help in spurring the economy. The relief programs helped to reduce starving of the citizens

Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Airline industrial analysis Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Airline industrial analysis - Statistics Project Example An overview of the companies is followed. As Canadas leading airline, Air Canada obliges about 165 destinations, in Canada, US, Asia/Pacific region and Europe. Together with regional affiliate Jazz, the carrier operates a fleet of nearly 330 aircrafts. It extends its grid as part of the Star Alliance global marketing group, which is managed by United Continentals United Airlines and Continental, and Lufthansa. In addition to its passenger business in both international and national markets, Air Canada provides cargo services. (biz.yahoo.com, 23.03.2011) Flying to about 60 destinations at home and another 100 in about 40 countries, Qantas Airways is Australia’s #1 airline. Qantas has ownership of the regional carrier QantasLink and the low-fare carrier Jetstar. Both operate in Australia and the Asia/Pacific region. The Qantas fleet includes almost 230 aircrafts, and generates revenue from cargo, catering, and tourism operations as well. (biz.yahoo.com, 23.03.2011) According to the industry structure, based on federal oversight and the size and purpose of air carriers, both companies are categorized as Major Airlines (eHow.com, 23.03.2011). Although the same industry, the comparison companies’ target markets do not entirely overlap e.g. regional differences, spending power of customers, etc. Their capacity levels are also not equal (e.g. Air Canada operates 330 aircrafts while Qantas operates only 230). Thus comparison analysis purposes it is assumed that the both companies operate with equal capacity in similar conditions. Based on the opportunities available for gaining advantages, airline industry is positioned in the ‘Fragmented’ section of the BCG matrix (Table 1). This explains that even though there are many opportunities for differentiation the opportunity for sustainable competitive advantage is slim. As the competitors achieves the same advantage in a very short period of time disabling its competitiveness. Thus

Monday, October 28, 2019

Gambling addiction Essay Example for Free

Gambling addiction Essay The text states that the one problem in gambling has visibly endured is known as problem gambling. Government officials have long demanded a solution from gaming operators to address this major issue. Too many issues go along with problem gambling such as crime, family and work problems, and financial damage. Fortunately, the gaming industry as a whole has sought to be proactive in combatting the issue. They feared being viewed in the same light as the tobacco or firearm industry by ignoring major problems with their products. Are the steps that they have taken enough, or is gambling in general a major threat to society that should be avoided? The American Psychiatric Association refers to problem gambling as pathological gambling. There are generally speaking two different types of problem gamblers; action problem gamblers and escape problem gamblers. Gambling addiction is just as valid of an illness as addiction to alcohol or drugs. Its prevalence is linked directly to the ease of access of gambling in our society. However, just like drugs and alcohol, only a small percentage of the population is prone to this illness. Gambling addicts in general either lose all of their money, accumulate massive debt, file for bankruptcy, and in the worst cases commit suicide because they are hopeless. What steps has the gaming industry taken to prevent these horrible outcomes? I spoke to my long-time friend Alan Erskine, who now works as the Public Affairs Coordinator at the American Gaming Association in Washington D. C. I needed to find out if they were taking appropriate precautions to prevent these people from self-destruction. He assured me that, â€Å"The gaming industry has made many contributions to curbing problem gambling. The first is the creation of the National Center for Responsible Gaming, which is the largest funder of scholarly studies on how to best curb addiction. The industry also makes various efforts to educate customers about possible negative effects of gambling. This includes: posting signs around the casino floor, advertising the problem gambling hotline and ensuring customers are not intoxicated while gambling. † I was glad to hear that they were this proactive, but is it enough? The National Center for Responsible Gaming is the only national organization exclusively devoted to funding research to enhance the understanding of pathological gambling. They also search to find effective methods of treatment for the disorder and work to improve prevention, diagnostics, intervention and educating the public about responsible gaming. However, if gambling is the root of the issue to begin with, is it worth expanding gaming in our society? Is educating people really enough to curb the issue? There are countless organizations to prevent drug and alcohol addiction, but the problem still persists. Some critics of legalized gambling would argue that it is the direct cause of the increase in problem gambling and that any of their efforts are just reactive in order to protect their own interests. Alan Erskine responded to this claim stating, â€Å"The industry recognizes that a small segment of the population cannot gamble safely. Studies have shown that about one percent of the population cannot gamble safely. † His response does hold water. The mental disorder of pathological gambling does affect only a small portion of the population. Should the rest of society be restricted just because there are some who can’t gamble responsibly? The same case could be made for alcohol. Only a small percentage of people are alcoholics. The rest of the population should not be prohibited to drink just because a select few cannot handle it responsibly. All the industry can do is provide outlets for people to get help, and educate the public on the dangers of its abuse. The NCRG has yielded very helpful results in order to understand the nature of the psychological disorder. These include statistics on the scope of people affected, more effective treatment options, the role of genetics, and new instruments to measure, screen and diagnose pathological gambling. The more we understand about how this pathological disorder works, the more we can do to diagnose and treat it before the victim gets themselves and others into serious trouble. In conclusion, it is a bit of a cop out to simply blame the gaming industry for the rise in gambling addiction. They have been extremely proactive in trying to curb the issue and bring it to public eye. Even though they didn’t want to be viewed in the same light as other industries like tobacco, alcohol and firearms, it seems inevitable that they would be grouped together. They all provide goods and services that some can enjoy responsibly and others become addicted to and harm themselves or others. Research has consistently pointed out that addiction to gambling produces the same reactions in the brain that you would find from drug and alcohol addiction. However, they should be distinguished from these industries in the fact that they have donated a great deal of time and resources in order to find ways to diagnose, prevent, and treat this pathological disorder. While the acceptance of gambling in society does allow an outlet for those who can become addicted, the vast majority of people have proven they can do responsibly and the industry continues to take significant steps in order help those who suffer from gambling addiction.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

How Poets Describe the Ending of Childhood Innocence :: Childhood Poetry Poems Essays

How Poets Describe the Ending of Childhood Innocence Firstly Seamus Heaney is a poet I have studied. He was from a rural catholic background in Castledawson, County Derry, however he did live in a mainly protestant area. He addresses issues such as childhood, familial relationships, particularly his relationship with his father and also the identity crisis of becoming a poet. For example in his poem, â€Å"Death of a Naturalist† he draws largely on his experience and the experience of his community in an attempt to represent the troubles in a new and analytical manner. In contrast to this, another poet I focused on, Carol Ann Duffy, grew up in an urban environment. She was born in Glasgow, Scotland in 1955, however grew up in Staffordshire, England and attended university in Liverpool before moving to London. She also addresses issues involving childhood memories in such poems as Litany and In Mrs Tilscher’s class. Another poet studied was Ronald Stuart Thomas. He was born in Cardiff but moved from place to place after his father got a job in the Navy. He finally settled in Holyhead in 1918. He began to seriously learn the Welsh language, as he wanted a sense of Welsh identity. It showed importance of being Welsh. Many years later R. S. Thomas was alienated from much of Welsh country life by his status as a priest in the Church of Wales. He felt the exclusion keenly, saying once that an anglicised upbringing like his prevents one from ever feeling one hundred percent at home in Welsh Wales’. He is similar to Heaney due to his rural and religious backgrounds and is also a nationalist. All three of these poets frequently write about a personal experience they had when growing up and how it affected them, or about the experience of the child or children and how they think it affected them. Seamus Heaney wrote Mid-term break, which describes a personal experience for him when his brother died in a car accident when he was young. He is recalling a childhood memory. Carol Ann Duffy also recalls a childhood memory in her poem Litany. She remembered the day when she thought her mother and her mother’s friends were excluding her. Also R. S. Thomas wrote the poem Children’s song, which speaks about how children live in a world of their own in which no adult can never be a part of. When writing about childhood the poems are retrospective and look into the past, which concern memories of the child. Some poems by these three poets present a child’s perspective of the world, while others show how an adult views their past.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Promotion Strategies Essay

Did you happen to catch the season finale of â€Å"Friends† on May 6th? â€Å"The exhaustively hyped series finale of â€Å"Friends† drew 52.25 million viewers for its extended 66 minute running time.† A 30-second commercial spot garnered a cool $2 million, costing advertising heavyweights such as Allstate, Anheuser-Busch, Chevrolet, General Electric, Hewlett-Packard, as well as Walt Disney and Universal Studios a mere four cents a head. For the purpose of this assignment I will characterize mass media’s and telemarketing’s role as part of the promotional mix, who pays for them, and how they are perceived by consumers with regards to their objectivity. I will also explain how traditional Word-of-Mouth works and round up the assignment discussing â€Å"buzz† advertising. First, let’s discuss television mass media’s role in the promotional mix. Mass media’s (television, radio, magazines, etc) role in the promotional mix is advertising. In particular, television commercial advertising is a paid form of non-personal communication. Companies use commercial advertising because it is an effective means of mass-marketing as indicated by the â€Å"Friends† series finale. The objectives to advertising include: informing consumers of a new product, persuading the consumer to remain with or switch to a particular product, or remind consumers of the value of a product or where to locate it. The objective of mass-marketing is to reach out to as many consumers in one fail swoop to create brand awareness, brand interest, brand equity, to obtain competitive advantage, and to increase market share. The advertiser’s ultimate goal is to accomplish the company’s marketing objectives. In regards to advertising, companies use a pull selling strategy, to â€Å"build up consumer demand.† A typical commercial is comprised of the source (the company/distributor/retailer) whose product or service is featured) that encodes the message using symbols such as words, illustrations, or images; the message (the combination of symbols) transmitted to the receiver (consumers) who then decodes the message (hopefully interpreting the message in the same way it was encoded); and feedback (through purchase, attitude change about the product/service, or non-purchase). Finally, noise, plays a role in advertising. With current technology such as TiVO, consumers can  choose to skip past commercial segments. The advertising company, its’ distributor, or its’ retailer pays the network for the commercial air time. If more than one of these pays for the commercial air time it is called cooperative advertising. Using vehicles as an example, either the manufacturer pays for the commercial or the car dealership does. However, in the overall scheme of things, successful commercials can be paid for by consumer purchases. The court of public opinion considers the objectivity of advertising dependent upon the type of message. According to a 1990 survey conducted by the Roper Organization concerning public opinion â€Å"with regard to the content of promotion messages, 60 percent of those surveyed believe ads with money-back guarantees, 57 percent believe ads with products approved by medical or health groups, 38 percent believe ads where comparisons to competitors are made, 29 percent believe ads using hidden-camera interviews, and 25 percent believe ads featuring celebrity endorsements.† While no current data is available, it appears consumers remain skeptical concerning advertising messages. Telemarketing is an example of direct marketing in the promotional mix. However, the court of public opinion indicates displeasure in this type of promotion. One could say the public pays for telemarketers with interrupted dinners and misleading or deceptive telemarketing schemes, but the business or charitable organization that uses this service pays for it in cash. It’s interesting to note that an Eyewitness News investigation in Rock Hill, South Carolina revealed that the South Carolina Police Officers’ Association â€Å"charity raised more than $600,000 in 2002, but spent barely $5,000, or less than one percent, helping police officers and their families.† With telemarketing it is truly a â€Å"Buyer Beware† promotion. Most consumers are probably more skeptical when it comes to this type of promotion than any other. There is the noise factor in this type of promotion as well. The national â€Å"do not call registry,† telephone company telemarketing blocker services, and products such as the Telezapper significantly decreases the telemarketer’s sales. I personally just inform telemarketers I am not  interested in their pitch and to place me on their â€Å"do not call† list. If this doesn’t work, I just hang up. Another promotional technique is word-of-mouth. When consumers communicate their experiences connected to a particular product, they are essentially providing the manufacturer, distributor, or retailer free advertising. Word-of-mouth can accelerate brand recognition. The heart of word-of-mouth marketing is giving consumers something to talk about. An excellent example of successful word-of-mouth is the Atkin’s Diet. I initially read one of Dr. Atkin’s diet books more than 10 years ago. While I do not remember the name of the book, I do recall I never tried his diet because I dreaded giving up on favorites such as pasta. Last year I was struggling to lose the weight I had gained following a thyroidectomy. I was running three to five miles per day, counting calories and fat grams and lost absolutely no weight whatsoever in three months. Then two colleagues of mine began losing considerable weight with very little effort. They told me about the Atkin’s diet and that each had lost more than 20 pounds in a month. I started researching the diet on the web and found other testimonials as well. Hordes of people are devoted to this diet. I began the diet and maintained my exercise routine and lost 30 pounds in eight weeks. The hottest new trend in word-of-mouth marketing appears to be buzz. The buzz marketing described in the BusinessWeek article we were tasked to read appears to be a fad. I don’t consider it an advanced form of word-of-mouth but rather an insidious, deceptive practice. Consumers have a right to feel â€Å"cheated† because these buzz marketers are treating the American consumer as if they were complete idiots. Once American consumers figure it out, and they will, it will be gone the way of the sandwich board. No wonder it is referred to as â€Å"viral marketing.† Too bad doctors don’t have a cure for this virus. In review, I discussed mass media’s role in great detail because it is perhaps the most widely used form of promotion. I focused on television commercial advertising discussing how marketers use commercials to inform, persuade, or remind consumers about a particular product or service. Then I  discussed how the communication process fits into commercial advertising. I followed with a discussion on who pays for commercial advertising and cooperative advertising. Then I provided a survey example to illustrate how consumers view commercials in regards to their objectivity. I also discussed telemarketing as a direct marketing approach to promotion. The next topic was word-of-mouth. I discussed how word-of-mouth is essentially free advertising and the heart to its success of giving consumers something to talk about. I ended this assignment with my view buzz marketing. I feel this is a deceptive promotional tactic that appears to be just a fad. Once consumers recognize how they are being used, it will fade into the sunset. Overall, the promotional mix appears to be a driving factor in a product or service’s success. Works Cited The One Where ‘Friends’ Puts Up Massive Finale Ratings. Retrieved from the World Wide Web on 8 May 2004: http://tv.zap2it.com/tveditorial/tve_main/1,1002,271%7C88037%7C1%7C,00.html Promotion – Push and Pull Strategies. Tutor2U ®. Retrieved from the World Wide Web on 9 May 2004: http://www.tutor2u.net/business/marketing/promotion_pushpull.asp Evans, Joel R. and Berman, Barry. (1994) â€Å"Marketing,† Sixth Edition. Macmillan Publishing Company. New York, New York. Page 584. Charity Organization Pays Telemarketers Big, Police Little. Retrieved from the World Wide Web on 9 May 2004: http://www.wsoctv.com/specialreports/2885811/detail.html Works Referenced How to Establish Promotional Mix. Edward Lowe Organization. Retrieved from the World Wide Web on 8 May 2004: http://www.att.sbresources.com/SBR_template.cfm?docNumber=PL12_3600.htm#under standing Kumar, S. Ramesh. Getting the promotional mix right. The Hindu. Retrieved from the World Wide Web on 6 May 2004: http://www.hinduonnet.com/ct/2002/09/05/stories/2002090500110200.htm Lancaster, Geoff Above- and below-the-line promotion. Retrieved from the World Wide Web on 6 May 2004: http://www.da-group.co.uk/geoff/communications.htm Nucifora, Alf. Keep Up With the Buzz On Buzz Marketing. Retrieved from the World Wide Web on 6 May 2004: http://www.bizjournals.com/albuquerque/stories/2002/10/07/focus2.html?t=printable Marketing: Promotion. Tutor2U. Retrieved from the World Wide Web on 8 May 2004: http://www.tutor2u.com/ Pride-Farrell Marketing. Part 5. Promotion Decisions. Integrated Marketing Communications. Retrieved from the World Wide Web on 8 May 2004: http://www.gsm.uci.edu/~rwheeler/2 Promotion and the Promotion Mix: A Part of the Marketing Mix. Retrieved from the World Wide Web on 8 May 2004: http://www.creighton.edu/~hutchens/nps_c_08.html Promotion Answers. Retrieved from the World Wide Web on 8 May 2004: http://www.learnmarketing.net/promotonanswers.htm Reed, Keith. (2002) Through the grapevine: PR firms tout ‘buzz’ marketing. New Mexico Business Weekly. Retrieved from the World Wide Web on 6 May 2004: http://albuquerque.bizjournals.com/albuquerque/stories/2002/10/07/focus2.html Wegert, Tessa. (2003) Four Online Media Mix Essentials. Retrieved from the World Wide Web on 7 May 2004: